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Phosphorite War
The Phosphorite War ((エストニア語:Fosforiidisõda)) is the name given to a late-1980s environmental campaign in the then-Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, against the opening of large phosphorite mines in the Virumaa region. The movement, peaking in 1987, was successful in achieving its immediate goals, but also in encouraging and strengthening the nationalist movement which led to the restoration of Estonian independence in 1991.〔〔 In Estonia it is regarded as a catalyst that led to the destabilization and dissolution of the Soviet regime.〔
The campaign focused on two major issues. The large-scale environmental degradation that the new mines would cause was the most common subject in the public discussion. The other, more covert issue was the fear that the new mines' need for a workforce would start a wave of migration, bringing tens of thousands of workers from other parts of the Soviet Union to Estonia. In the view of Estonians this would have greatly worsened the already fragile demographic balance〔 (the share of Estonians in Estonia dropped from about 97% immediately after World War II to 61.5% in 1989〔).
==Background and early developments==
Phosphorite deposits (''Obolus'' sandstone at the Upper Cambrian/Lower Ordovician boundary) are found in several places in Northern Estonia.〔 The Rakvere deposit, lying mostly in Lääne-Viru County, is the largest phosphorite deposit in Europe.〔 Phosphorite mining in Estonia started in 1924 near Maardu. In 1940 a new larger mine was opened, which together with a factory producing low-grade phosphorus fertilizers operated until late 1991, causing several environmental problems in the area.〔 Currently no phosphorite is mined in Estonia as it is not considered economically viable.
The central government of the Soviet Union in Moscow took interest in exploiting the phosphorite deposits in Lääne-Viru County in the early 1970s.〔 The first proposals suggested mining the Toolse deposit (north of Rakvere), but in the early 1980s, plans for the Toolse mine were cast aside and instead mining the Rakvere deposit was seen as more favourable. The plans were not made public, but among Estonian scientists and environmentalists involved in the decision making there had been considerable opposition to the plans since the early stages. Notably, there were people in the Estonian Academy of Sciences, like Endel Lippmaa, who were aware of and opposed to the plans.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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